A long-term client is one whose contract with a freelancer or agency on Upwork runs for an extended period with regular activity, which Upwork's Job Success Score treats as a positive sign because the relationship kept working.
Upwork describes the Job Success Score as rewarding long-term relationships and repeat clients, and the work history marks contracts by their length and whether the client has hired before. Upwork does not publish the point at which a contract becomes long-term in the score's eyes; that threshold, like the rest of the formula, is set by Upwork and not disclosed. What it does say is that a contract that stays open and active over months, with payments going through, counts for more than a short task, and that the size and length of each contract weight its feedback.
For agencies, long-term clients are the usual shape of the business: hourly retainers that run for a year or more, billed weekly, often with several members on the same contract. That is why a mature agency can show a modest number of jobs completed against large earnings, and why its JSS tends to be steady.
The qualifier is activity. Upwork's Help Center also notes that contracts left open with no payment for a long time can count against the score, so a long-term contract that has quietly gone dormant is not a long-term client, it is an idle contract, and the usual advice is to close it with feedback rather than leave it open.
How Upwork Insights uses it
This term describes Upwork's own rules or product rather than a figure the index measures; the pages that do carry live figures are the stats and rate pages.